References — GLN Analysis user manual

References

The works listed below document the methods implemented in GLN Analysis: the Darcy-Weisbach formulation of distributed losses and the friction-factor correlations used to close it, the loss-coefficient treatment of fittings, the thermo-physical correlations of the antifreeze solutions, the reference cases against which the solver is verified, and the design practice the panel's advisory checks are drawn from.

  1. ASHRAE, 2021. ASHRAE Handbook — Fundamentals, Ch. 22 "Pipe Design"; and ASHRAE, 2023. ASHRAE Handbook — HVAC Applications, Ch. 35 "Ground-Source Heat Pumps and Geothermal Energy". American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA. (The two volumes are issued on different years of the Handbook cycle; the chapter was numbered 34, and titled "Geothermal Energy", before the 2019 edition.) ↩
  2. ASTM International. D3035 — Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (DR-PR) Based on Controlled Outside Diameter, and F714 — Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe (DR-PR) Based on Outside Diameter. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. ↩
  3. Crane Co., 2013. Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe, Technical Paper No. 410. Crane Co., Stamford, CT. ↩
  4. U.S. Department of Energy and Hydraulic Institute, 2006. Improving Pumping System Performance: A Sourcebook for Industry, 2nd ed. DOE/GO-102006-2079, Industrial Technologies Program, Washington, DC. ↩
  5. DIN, 2012. DIN 1988-300:2012-05 — Codes of practice for drinking water installations — Part 300: Pipe sizing; DVGW code of practice (Technische Regeln für Trinkwasser-Installationen — Teil 300: Ermittlung der Rohrdurchmesser). Deutsches Institut für Normung, Berlin, 44 pp. ↩
  6. Georg Fischer Piping Systems, Schaffhausen, Switzerland. Technical Handbook for Pressure Piping Systems, section "Calculating Pipe Size — Pressure Loss of Fittings". (Read here in the US edition, EPS Pressure Piping Systems Tech Handbook, p. 21; the handbook covers PP and PVDF fittings.) ↩
  7. Idelchik, I.E., 1994. Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance, 3rd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 978-0-8493-9908-3. ↩
  8. ISO, 2019. ISO 4427 — Plastics piping systems for water supply, and for drainage and sewerage under pressure — Polyethylene (PE). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. (Published in Europe as EN 12201.) ↩
  9. Javed, S., Spitler, J.D., 2022. Vertical ground heat exchanger pressure loss – experimental comparisons and calculation procedures. Geothermics 105, 102546. DOI: 10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102546 (Measured pressure loss on four types of heat exchanger in a 200 m borehole: the standard procedures hold for smooth single- and double-U tubes; internally ridged tubing needed a new correlation, and on the coaxial exchanger fittings intruding into the annulus had to be accounted for.) ↩
  10. Kavanaugh, S.P., Rafferty, K., 2014. Geothermal Heating and Cooling: Design of Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems. ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA. ISBN 978-1-936504-85-5. (Supersedes the 1997 Ground-Source Heat Pumps design manual.) ↩
  11. Lamarche, L., 2023. Fundamentals of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems: Design and Application. Springer, Cham. Ch. 7 "Pumping Energy". DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32176-4 (chapter 7: 10.1007/978-3-031-32176-4_7) ↩
  12. Melinder, Å., 2007. Thermophysical Properties of Aqueous Solutions Used as Secondary Working Fluids. Doctoral thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. ISBN 978-91-7178-707-1. ↩
  13. Melinder, Å., 2010. Properties of Secondary Working Fluids for Indirect Systems, 2nd ed. International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris. ISBN 978-2-913149-73-4. ↩
  14. Naicker, S.S., Rees, S.J., 2018. Performance analysis of a large geothermal heating and cooling system. Renewable Energy 122, 429–442. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2018.01.099 (30 months of monitoring on a 56-borehole university installation. Seasonal performance falls from 3.54 at the compressor to 2.97 once the ground-loop pump is counted and 2.49 with all circulation; the authors attribute the excess pump energy to high pipe velocities, short and frequent cycling, and control faults.) ↩
  15. Plastics Pipe Institute, 2008. Handbook of Polyethylene Pipe, 2nd ed., Chapter 6 "Design of PE Piping Systems", Table 2-1 "Surface Roughness for Various New Pipes". Irving, TX. (Smooth pipes — PE and other thermoplastics, brass, glass and lead: mean and recommended design value = "smooth pipe", ε = 0.000005 ft = 0.0015 mm, with the note that any pipe at or below that value exhibits smooth-pipe behaviour. Commercial steel, new: 0.00015 ft = 0.046 mm.) ↩
  16. Picard, D., Jorissen, F., Helsen, L., 2017. Analytical solution for optimal mass flow rate in primary circuit of ground-coupled heat pump systems. Proceedings of the IGSHPA Technical/Research Conference and Expo, Denver, CO, March 14–16, 2017. ↩
  17. Plastics Pipe Institute, 2022. Handbook of Polyethylene Pipe, 3rd ed., Ch. 6 "Design of PE Piping Systems". Plastics Pipe Institute, Irving, TX. ↩
  18. Rhoda, B., 2013. Investigation of Pumping and Piping System Design for Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps. M.Sc. thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. ↩
  19. Vautrin, A., Mazzotti Pallard, W., Acuña, J., Lazzarotto, A., 2024. Assessing coaxial collector performances: field data and analysis. Proceedings of the IGSHPA Research Conference, Montréal, QC, May 28–30, 2024, pp. 375–388. DOI: 10.22488/okstate.24.000040 (Field data from 11 coaxial installations: measured pressure drop departs from the calculated value by 75 % on average in absolute relative error, and the effective borehole resistance by 33 %.) ↩